Korean course (for Japanese)

Admission qualification

Those who are at least 18 years old as of April 1, 2021 and who fall under any of the following.
1. Those who have graduated or are expected to graduate from high school.
2. Those who are expected to graduate from or complete a high school.
3. Those who have passed the high school graduation degree examination (former university entrance qualification test).
4. Those who have completed 12 years of school education in a foreign country.

Selection method

Those who are learning Korean for the first time: Writing/Interview
Those who have studied history: Korean written test/interview
*Please contact us in advance to know the learning level.
Self-recommendation entrance examination: Self-recommendation sentence (Please download from the request for materials on the website) ・Interview

Admission screening fee (Payment at the school window is also possible)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance examination classification (amount of exemption)

General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (30,000 yen)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Those who are expected to graduate this year and have a grade C average at high school, and have a recommendation from the principal of the high school or a teacher (80,000 yen)
Those who are expected to graduate this year and have an average grade of B in high school, and have a recommendation from the high school principal or teacher (120,000 yen)
Self-recommendation: Expected to graduate from high school in March 2021 or within 5 years after graduation, and a dedicated applicant with a rating average of 3.0 or more (50,000 yen)
Transfer Entrance Examination: Graduated from a university, junior college, or vocational school for two years or more, or is expected to graduate and can read the equivalent of the first year unit (48 credits). Persons with Hangul test grade 4) (none)
*Those who have been able to submit a copy of the sickness certificate within the past 3 years and who can submit a certificate that has significantly reduced their income due to the new coronavirus will be exempted from 30,000 yen for the first year only.
*If you were an officer of a club activity or student council while you were in high school, you will receive a reduction of 20,000 yen.

Tuition (general entrance examination application amount)

Enrollment fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 700,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 913,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Applications for third year high school students will be accepted from Thursday, October 1st.
・Applications for working adults, etc. will be accepted from Tuesday, September 1st.
From Wednesday, September 9th to every Wednesday *If it is a holiday, it will take place the following week.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Transcript of final academic background (survey)
5. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
6. Application form (only for applicants, free format)
7. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.
*In principle, high school students will be sent to their school.

Application guidelines (print this PDF to apply)

Japanese-Korean Business Interpretation/Translation Course (for Korean or TOPIK Level 5 or above)

Admission qualification

Admission qualification

選考方法

[Foreign national] General/Recommended Entrance Examination: Japanese written test/interview
Self-recommendation entrance examination: Self-recommendation sentence (Please download from the request for materials on the website) ・Interview
[Japanese nationals/permanent residents] TOPIK Grade 5 or above: Korean written test/interview
*Please contact us in advance to know the learning level.

Admission screening fee (Payment at the school window is also possible)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance examination classification (amount of exemption)

[Foreign national] General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Applicants who have been recommended by the current Japanese school principal or teacher (25,000 to 100,000 yen depending on attendance and exam scores)
*The attendance rate of 90% or more will be exempted from the selection fee by 10,000 yen, and 100% will be exempted.
Scholarship entrance examination: Applicants who were applied for by the open recruitment system and were evaluated as exceptionally good in the examination (written examination/interview) (140,000 yen)
Transfer Entrance Examination: Those who have graduated or are expected to graduate from a university, junior college, or vocational school for two years or more, and who can read the equivalent of the first year’s credits (48 credits) (none)
[Japanese nationals] General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Those who are expected to graduate this year and have an average rating of C or higher at a high school and have a recommendation from the high school principal or a teacher (approx. 50,000 to 100,000 yen depending on the score in the examination)
*Those who have been able to submit a copy of the sickness certificate within the past 3 years and who can submit a certificate that has significantly reduced their income due to the new coronavirus will be exempted from 30,000 yen for the first year only.
*If you were an officer of a club activity or student council while you were in high school, you will receive a reduction of 20,000 yen.

Tuition (general entrance examination application amount)

Enrollment fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 700,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 913,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Applications for international students and working adults will be accepted from Tuesday, September 1.
・Applications for third year high school students will be accepted from Thursday, October 1st.
From Tuesday, September 8th to every Tuesday *If it is a public holiday, it will be held the following week.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
[Foreign national] 1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Japanese language school transcripts and monthly attendance certificates, and graduation or prospective graduation certificates
5. Transcript and graduation certificate of the final educational background in your home country (copy of the original is acceptable) *Translation attached
6. Copy of passport and residence card
7. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
8. Certificate of financial support (material to prove payment of tuition and living expenses)
(1) Residence expense declaration form (form specified by the school) (2) Bank passbook copy (3) Overseas remittance certificate, etc. (4) Taxation certificate, etc.
9. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
*For applicants for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, etc., please be sure to submit a copy of the certificate/pass certificate.
*Please use A4 size paper for copying, and do not stop with a stapler.
[Japanese nationals] 1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Transcript of final academic background (survey)
5. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
6. Application form (only for applicants, free format)
7. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.
*In principle, high school students will be sent to their school.

Application guidelines (print this PDF to apply)

Korean Business Course (for international students or foreign nationals)

Admission qualification

Those who are at least 18 years old as of April 1, 2021 and who fall under any of the following.
Those who have financial support while attending school, have completed 12 years or more of school education abroad, and have Japanese Language Proficiency Test N3 or above or equivalent to N2 level, or have studied for 6 months or longer at a Japanese language institution and attended. The rate is 80% or more, and those enrolled in Japanese language schools are expected to graduate (or complete).

Selection method

General/Recommended Entrance Examination: Japanese written test/interview

Admission screening fee (Payment at the school window is also possible)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance examination classification (amount of exemption)

General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Applicants who are recommended by the current Japanese school principal or teacher (25,000 to 100,000 yen depending on attendance and exam scores)
*The attendance rate of 90% or more will be exempted from the selection fee by 10,000 yen, and 100% will be exempted.
Scholarship entrance examination: Applicants who were applied for by the open recruitment system and were evaluated as exceptionally good in the examination (written examination/interview) (140,000 yen)

Tuition (general entrance examination application amount)

Enrollment fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 700,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 913,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Applications will be accepted from September 1 (Tue).
From Tuesday, September 8th to every Tuesday *If it is a public holiday, it will be held the following week.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Japanese language school transcripts and monthly attendance certificates, and graduation or prospective graduation certificates
5. Transcript and graduation certificate of the final educational background in your home country (copy of the original is acceptable) *Translation attached
6. Copy of passport and residence card
7. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
8. Certificate of financial support (material to prove payment of tuition and living expenses)
(1) Residence expense declaration form (form specified by the school) (2) Bank passbook copy (3) Overseas remittance certificate, etc. (4) Taxation certificate, etc.
9. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
*For applicants for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, etc., please be sure to submit a copy of the certificate/pass certificate.
*Please use A4 size paper for copying, and do not stop with a stapler.
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.

Application guidelines (print this PDF to apply)

Japan-China Business Interpreter/Translation Course (Greater China or Native Level)

Eligibility for entrance

Those who are at least 18 years old as of April 1, 2021 and who fall under any of the following.
Those who have financial support while attending school, have completed 12 years or more of school education abroad, and have a Japanese Language Proficiency Test N2 or Japanese Language Proficiency Test Japanese subjects of 200 points or higher, or a Japanese language institution Students who have studied for more than 6 months and have an attendance rate of 80% or more, and who are enrolled in a Japanese language school are expected to graduate (or complete).
*Please contact us if you do not speak Chinese as your native language and have a native level ability.

Selection method

General/Recommended Entrance Examination: Japanese written test/interview

Admission screening fee (You can also pay at the school window)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance classification (reduction of tax)

General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Applicants who have been recommended by the current Japanese school principal or teacher (25,000 to 100,000 yen depending on attendance and exam scores)
*The attendance rate of 90% or more will be exempted from the selection fee by 10,000 yen, and 100% will be exempted.
Scholarship entrance examination: Applicants who have applied through the open recruitment system and have a score of 75 or more in the examination (written examination/interview) (140,000 yen)
Transfer Entrance Examination: Those who have graduated or are expected to graduate from a university, junior college, or vocational school for two years or more, and who can read the equivalent of the first year’s credits (48 credits) (none)

Tuition fees (applicable amount for general entrance examination)

Enrollment fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 700,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 913,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Applications will be accepted from September 1 (Tue).
From Tuesday, September 8th to every Tuesday *If it is a public holiday, it will be held the following week.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Japanese language school transcripts and monthly attendance certificates, and graduation or prospective graduation certificates
5. Transcript and graduation certificate of the final educational background in your home country (copy of the original is acceptable) *Translation attached
6. Copy of passport and residence card
7. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
8. Certificate of financial support (material to prove payment of tuition and living expenses)
(1) Residence expense declaration form (form specified by the school) (2) Bank passbook copy (3) Overseas remittance certificate, etc. (4) Taxation certificate, etc.
9. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
*For applicants for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, etc., please be sure to submit a copy of the certificate/pass certificate.
*Please use A4 size paper for copying, and do not stop with a stapler.
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.

Application guidelines (print this PDF to apply)

Japan-China Business Interpreter/Translation Course (Greater China or Native Level)

Eligibility for entrance

Those who are at least 18 years old as of April 1, 2021 and who fall under any of the following.
Those who have financial support while attending school, have completed 12 years of school education in a foreign country, and have a Japanese Language Proficiency Test N3 or Japanese-Language Examination Japanese language course with a score of 180 points or higher, Those who have studied for more than 6 months and have an attendance rate of 85% or more, and who are enrolled in a Japanese language school are expected to graduate (or complete).

Selection method

General/Recommended Entrance Examination: Interviews with a certain score in the Japanese written test. Those who pass N3 or higher will only be interviewed.

Admission screening fee (You can also pay at the school window)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance classification (reduction of tax)

General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Those who have been recommended by the current Japanese school principal or teacher and have an attendance rate of 90% or more and who are applying exclusively (50,000 to 100,000 yen depending on attendance rate and score in the examination)
*The selection fee will be reduced by 10,000 yen and 100% will be exempt
Scholarship entrance examination: Applicants who have applied through the open recruitment system and have a score of 70 or more in the test (written test/interview) or N2 pass and can be evaluated as passing in the interview (140,000 yen)
Transfer Entrance Examination: Those who have graduated or are expected to graduate from a university, junior college, or vocational school for two years or more, and who can read the equivalent of the first year’s credits (48 credits) (none)

Tuition fees (applicable amount for general entrance examination)

Admission fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 680,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 893,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Application acceptance Phase 1: September 1 (Tue)-September 7 (Mon)
Second period: Thursday, October 1 to Wednesday, October 7
Third period: October 30 (Fri)-November 5 (Thurs)
・Written test: Phase 1 September 12th (Sat) September 19th (Sat)
Phase 2 October 10th (Sat)
Third period Saturday, November 7
・Interview: Every Wednesday and Thursday *Not available on public holidays.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Japanese language school transcripts and monthly attendance certificates, and graduation or prospective graduation certificates
5. Transcript and graduation certificate of the final educational background in your home country (copy of the original is acceptable) *Translation attached
6. Copy of passport and residence card
7. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
8. Certificate of financial support (material to prove payment of tuition and living expenses)
(1) Residence expense declaration form (form specified by the school) (2) Bank passbook copy (3) Overseas remittance certificate, etc. (4) Taxation certificate, etc.
9. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
*For applicants for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, etc., please be sure to submit a copy of the certificate/pass certificate.
*Please use A4 size paper for copying, and do not stop with a stapler.
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.

Application Guidelines (You can apply by printing this PDF)

Japanese Business Course (for international students and foreign nationals)

Eligibility for entrance

Those who are at least 18 years old as of April 1, 2021 and who fall under any of the following.
Those who have financial support while attending school, have completed 12 years or more of school education abroad, and have Japanese Language Proficiency Test N3 or above or equivalent to N2 level, or have studied and attended for at least 6 months at a Japanese language institution. The rate is 80% or more, and those enrolled in Japanese language schools are expected to graduate (or complete).

Selection method

General/Recommended Entrance Examination: Japanese written test/interview

Admission screening fee (You can also pay at the school window)

20,000 yen (Please contact us as the selection fee varies depending on the application category)
*Open CAMPUS (school briefing session) participants will receive a selection fee reduction ticket (10,000 yen).

Entrance classification (reduction of tax)

General Entrance Exam: Those who meet the above admission requirements (none)
Open recruitment system recommendation: Applicants who have been recommended by the current Japanese school principal or teacher (25,000 to 100,000 yen depending on attendance and exam scores)
*The attendance rate of 90% or more will be exempted from the selection fee by 10,000 yen, and 100% will be exempted.
Scholarship entrance examination: Applicants who were applied for by the open recruitment system and were evaluated as exceptionally good in the examination (written examination/interview) (140,000 yen)

Tuition fees (applicable amount for general entrance examination)

Admission fee: 100,000 yen Tuition fee: 680,000 yen Facility cost: 100,000 yen Student activity fee: 13,000 yen Total payment: 893,000 yen
*In principle, tuition and other fees are paid in a lump sum, but two payments are accepted.
*The total amount of school payment for the 2nd year is not the admission fee.
*Textbook fees are not included.

Admission schedule

・Applications will be accepted from September 1 (Tue).
From Thursday, September 10th to every Thursday *If it is a holiday, it will take place the following week.
*If the number of seats is reached, the entrance examination will be completed without notice, so please apply early.
*Reservation requests will be announced on the school website (http://www.shurin.ac.jp).

Application procedure

(1) Documents to be submitted when applying
1. Application form (form specified by the school)
2. 4 photos (upper body no cap, vertical 4 cm x horizontal 3 cm taken within 3 months) (1 admission application, 2 admission tickets attached)
3. Examination ticket (form specified by the school)
4. Japanese language school transcripts and monthly attendance certificates, and graduation or prospective graduation certificates
5. Transcript and graduation certificate of the final educational background in your home country (copy of the original is acceptable) *Translation attached
6. Copy of passport and residence card
7. Recommendation letter (only for those who take the recommended entrance examination)
8. Certificate of financial support (material to prove payment of tuition and living expenses)
(1) Residence expense declaration form (form specified by the school) (2) Bank passbook copy (3) Overseas remittance certificate, etc. (4) Taxation certificate, etc.
9. Admission screening fee (For mailing, please refer to each department’s admission form for details and transfer at the bank)
*For applicants for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, etc., please be sure to submit a copy of the certificate/pass certificate.
*Please use A4 size paper for copying, and do not stop with a stapler.
2) Application method
1. Submit to our school window
Reception hours: Monday-Friday 9:00-17:00 (Saturday from October 10:00-15:00)
(Please check in advance because it may be closed on Sundays, national holidays, school anniversary, year-end and New Year holidays, and school events.)
*On Saturday, we will only accept submitted documents. If there are any defects, we will contact you after the following Monday.
2. Submission by mail
Please use simple registered mail from the nearest post office.
(If you do not arrive within the application period, or if you reach the capacity, you can not accept it)
*Please fold the application documents in half and mail it to the envelope specified by the school.

Selection result

We will send you a pass/fail notification by post within 14 days after the exam. We cannot answer inquiries by phone.
If you do not receive the pass/fail notification within 14 days, please contact us.

Application Guidelines (You can apply by printing this PDF)